Irish, German, and British Immigrants Essay Example

Irish, German, and British Immigrants Paper Chris Vaughan APUSH Mr. Osborn 11/12/11 Irish, German, and British Settlers Within the period of 1830 to 1860, the experiences of immigrants from Ireland, Britain, and Germany held many similarities in their motivations for migration, with numerous differences found in their interactions with American society, and their respective associations with the economy of the United States of America. This time period signified the largest migration of nationalities in the history of the United States, with its results still being noticeable today. There are immediate similarities that are drawn from the motivation of Irish, British, and German immigrants within the period of 1830 to 1860. The first similarities are found when comparing the earlier group of Irish migrants, to those of some of the minor sections of British and German immigrants. Within the 1830s, those who came from Ireland had resources and skills that they desired to bring to America, or more specifically its world-renowned port cities, in order to better their economic well-being. Many German and British immigrants, such as those who were artisans, merchants, and professionals, also went to the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston. Further similarities are seen when comparing the Irish settlers after the potato famine of the 1840s, to those immigrants from Britain and Germany who were focused on agriculture. The most obvious similarity that can be derived from this situation is that all three of the groups are being influenced by geography. While the Irish were forced to leave their country to survive, the Germans and British were attracted to prospective lands in the Old Northwest, and Texas. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Irish, German, and British Immigrants specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The final conceptual similarity found for the motivations of these three nationalities’ exoduses to North America is displayed in their role, or lack there of, in their original countries economies. During the 1840s, the Irish immigrants were mainly comprised of the less skillful members of society. They were poor, in search of a better life. Similarly, the Germans who migrated, depending on their trade, also wished to improve their economic status. Finally, the British, who originally occupied the New England textile mills, migrated due to economic fluctuations. Although their economic motivations for migration may have been similar, the association that each of these groups had with the American Economy had many differences, specific to each of their group’s situations. As the Irish were seen as America’s first refugee population, they were, for the most part, discriminated against in their quest for employment. As a result, they were confined to work in the port cities of New York, Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Charleston, responsible mostly for canals, harbors, and textile mills. In contrast, the English and German were able to migrate based on their individual needs. If a German or British immigrant were skilled workers, professionals, merchants, or artisans, they would be able to find work in the port cities. However, if they were more agriculturally focused, they would also find opportunity in the West, allowing for more economic freedom. The Germans did, however, find economic similarities with the Irish, in that they lacked in influence for the American economy and political system. The British found this economic good fortune because they were seen as economic assets, which also influenced their social interactions with Americans. Like their economic impacts, the social interactions of the Irish, German, and British settlers also had many differences. As the British were seen as economic assets, they were met with little hostility in their associations with Americans. In addition to this socio-economic connection, the Americans also saw the British as tangible representations of the roots of American culture. Since they had gained their independence from Britain, the current citizens saw the immigrants almost as authentic pre-revolutionary portrayals of America. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the newly entering Irish and Germans had to assimilate themselves into American culture. The Irish were met with much hostility, as they had to compete with current unemployed free blacks, and were seen as freeloading off American soil. The Irish thus had to work to bring their culture in, through the creation of churches, and schools. The Germans became more self reliant, creating their own societies. Their innovations, including educational and religious institutions, along with newspapers and beer gardens, survived through the ages. When the British attempted to do the same, they would die out gradually, displaying their reliance on American society. The experiences of Irish, German, and British immigrants can be easily compared in their motivations for moving their nationalities, and clearly contrasted in their economic and social associations with the United States of America. Their migration, whether through their innovations, their sufferings, or their successes, still influences American life as it is today. America is now known as a melting pot of different nationalities, which can for the most part be credited to the Irish, British, and Germanic migrations of 1830 to 1860.

Robert, the Red Nose Butcher Professor Ramos Blog

Robert, the Red Nose Butcher It was a 16 hour flight that I Was dreading, tired, hungry, physically exhausted. I Knew my vacation was over. Two weeks of vacation and three different south american countries; Peru, Uruguay, and Argentina. I Had plenty of reasons to look forward to this vacation though; legal drinking age, seeing my cousin on her 22nd birthday, and no work! At that time I Was just bagging groceries at Stater Bros. Easiest job in the world, right? Well on my last day of work before my trip my store manager called me to the office and told me Ill be starting in the meat dept. When I Get back. But its a promotion. So its a good thing right? Yeah†¦ but its a whole new job description which is a whole lot of training. So I Left that news at the Buenos Aires airport after I Landed and enjoyed myself. But two weeks later it was there at the same airport waiting for me to get back. I Got back to work with a change in uniform and department. Rather than being able to run around a grocery store inside and out I Was limited to one department. Meat. my meat manager give me the rules of thumbs and id say with in months I Was able to identify a piece of meat and determine its cut and where it comes from. I was able to memorize codes and remember what number for what cut and meat. I Remember it was valentines day and the morning and afternoon were practically dead. So the meat cutters went home earl. But that would soon all change when everyone started to get off work. Customer after customer, steak after steak we were busier than a one legged man in an ass kicking contest. Eventually, with only two meat clerks and no cutters left, we ran out of the most popular steak, ribeye. Ive seen it cut for months and months, watching how they do it, so me and the other meat clerk ray decided just to try to cut. We cut the ribs as they were selling, with a line of customers across the department all wanting the same thing. It lasted about an hour and we cut about 5 ribs, around 20 Lbs each. We had a few left over by the end of the night and put them in the case for sale. In the morning when I Went in, my meat manager had already heard about the busy night we had, Asked how we did, he turned to me and said â€Å"those were the ugliest ribeyes I Have ever seen†, then turned away and started busting up laughing. I was as offended as a would be now, because those were my first cuts. In the following months I Didnt really do any cutting, more just wrapping meat and helping customers, but I Did keep watch when they would cut meat, on what to do and what not to do. Three months after the whole valentines day incident, Ended up being transferred to a Fontana store off sierra and foothill, Walked in the store and noticed, it was the smallest store I Had ever worked at. My first day I Was introduced to the meat manager and he explained how he goes about running the department and introduced me to the other clerks. It was a nice normal introduction, until one of the meat clerks named anali said â€Å"wait until he meets Bob !†. They all stood arou nd and started laughing, agreeing and sharing stories on how the ‘Bob ’ person is. â€Å"Just wait Charles hell be back in a week from vacation†, my meat manager Armando told me. So I Worked my few days as usual, but I Did notice that this store is not as strict, they dont exactly follow ‘policy’ but I Didnt care. I Went with the flow. My first friday at my new store I got a phone call from my old meat manager, asking me how I Was doing, we talked and shared a few laughs and then I Thought to ask about Bob . â€Å"Dont worry about Bob . Hes harmless† said my old meat manager as we wrapped up the conversation.† The next monday I Walked into the meat department and seen a new face. Well it wasnt really a new face, as a matter of fact it was a 64-year-old face, towering above my five foot two-inch self. â€Å"hello , Charles is it? Well hows about we go in the back and have ourselves a little meeting.† he walked me to where we washed the dishes and keep our supplies. He went on to lean against the sink and talk to me. â€Å"Well hello im Bob ! Robert john Joseph by God Cridlin! Now a little bit about me, Ive been with the company since I Got out of Vietnam and Im planning on leaving soon†¦ one more thing you ought to know about me is I Wasnt scared of jack brown! I Aint scared of nobody! Im an Irish Catholic, and a decorated veteran! Im untouchable son!† That is exactly how it went down that day almost down to the T. it was an introduction I Will never forget, and in introduction that was just the beginning of the end. It didnt take long for Bob to get comfortable with me, as I Learned it didnt take long for him to get comfortable with anyone. â€Å"Bob the Butcher† he was called and know by to almost everybody! Now it was almost immediately that Bob had started to show me how to cut. And I Did get the hang out of. Within a week I Learned how to cut four different steaks and by the month I Had learned to cut most of the basic/standard cuts. My meat manager Armando and Bob were not shy and within my first month I Started coming out of my shell a little. We talked about things ranging from anywhere between religion to sex, even our personal and financial lives. Between the whole department we all knew practically everything about each other, we just got personal. After about my first month I Noticed the Bob was a heavy drinker, I Heard stories and was seen videos and even voicemails from drunk calls to my co workers. It wasnt long before I Was put in the morning shift and notices, AT LEAST 3 days a week Bob would come in drunk! With his red-nosed shining almost as bright as Rudolphs from the whisky, I Knew he was not able to cut meat let alone use a saw. Over time I Got used to it as was everyone else in my department. It was almost to the point where the opener practically knew we would have to cut meat in the morning to cover Bob s ass. It wasnt a problem though we would cover for eachother†¦ even to the end. It was my 6th month when I Got to the store where I Got a text from another meat clerk, saying how something happened with Bob and Armando . Come to find out on my day off our district manager had walked in and noticed something was off about our meat. After reviewing footage 4 out of 5 of us got suspended; me Bob Armando and another meat clerk. We had to go to a couple of meetings at the corporate office and within two weeks the five people who were in the meat department didnt even work there one meat clerk, Armando and Bob got fired, I Was asked to resign, and the other meat clerk quit in protest. In the end none of us got fired for Bob being drunk or us cutting meat, they reviewed months and months of footage pulling skeletons out of the closet. Bob , got fired for cutting meat that was bad, he was caught on footage grabbing and out dated box, and seen in another camera smelling the meat (to see if it was good) and continued to cut it and sell it. Armando , got fired for grinding beef that was out of its life shelf, meaning it was too old to grind. The other meat clerk, Chris got fired for extending days on product, he was caught on footage extending seafood days. As for me, I got fired for leaving meat out of refrigeration and putting them back out for sale. I now work for sprouts in Alta Loma as a meat cutter, my meat manager now had actually not only worked for Stater Bros. Before but was also fired and also worked with Bob . In the interview he said he knows what I had gone through and although I have not been a meat cutter before, know I know how, and was taught by Bob .

Marketing Creativity - Idea Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Creativity - Idea Trends - Essay Example Idea trends are critical in the business world because they form the heart of any business. This is usually regardless of what stage of development the business has reached. New businesses need idea trends in order to help the entrepreneur become enthusiastic about his business venture. Idea trends have the ability to change into business ideas if they are channeled in the right direction. It is also important for the already established business owner poor marketer because it adds some spice into the running parts of the business. After identifying an idea trend, business owners need to come up with a name for the idea trend. This is because it will allow the future business owner to describe his views using this name. It ill also be instrumental in trying to access some sort of financing for the project or business. Before one can convince another individual about their idea, they need to first give it a form of identification first. Thereafter, there is a need to put all these creative ideas into writing. Business owners need to organize their idea trends in the form of a business plan. If one expects to catch the attention of any investor, they need to place their idea trends in this format. Thereafter, an entrepreneur needs to ask themselves how they can start up a business on the basis of that idea trend. Some of the issues that need to be addressed include finance. It may take a while before a new business starts picking up or returning some sort of payback to the investor. It is therefore important for such a person to ensure that they stay ahead by getting the necessary finances before starting the business. Furthermore, some countries may have some regulations about how they conduct business. These legal formalities must be checked and implemented before an idea trend can be generated into a thriving business. 2 Once the business is up and running, it id wise for the entrepreneur to ensure that he shares his passion and vision about his idea trend to his business partners and employees. Additionally, he should also ensure that the product or service he makes out of the idea trend is something that the market can be interested in. Besides these, entrepreneurs should also manage their finances wisely. If the idea trend will require too much capital input beyond his or her capability, then there is no use implementing it in the first place. More and more people fail to transform idea trends into thriving businesses because they fail to address one or all of the following requirements. Identification of a specific idea trend The idea trend that will be studied in the essay below is the issue of renewable energy especially in relation to homes. There are many countries throughout the world that have expressed their interest in the issue of renewable energy. The world has become increasingly careful about their energy expenditures. Governments have realized that thy need to employ energy sustainability if there is any hope of managing their finances or maintaining resources for the future generation. Statistics show that The United States is the highest oil consumer in the world. This means that the State is spending much more than it should. Some of the major reasons why renewable energy has become a worrying issue and hence the potential to become an idea trend can be seen below 1) Using non-renewable energy is a burden to the local oil consumer 2) Using non-renewa

The Relationship Between Institutions and Economic Development Essay

The Relationship Between Institutions and Economic Development - Essay Example Neoclassical growth theory limits to identify the prerequisites of economic performance, such as capital accumulation and technical progress. To explain why people save, invest, learn and seek knowledge, different institutional systems and values that success or failures are based on must be paid special attention. The relationship between institutions and economic growth has been a central debate of the economic arena for a long time. A century ago, the free society realized that the institutional system plays a fundamental role in economic development-no longer seen as an inevitable gradual transition from local autarky to specialization and division of labor. The establishment and the functioning of institutions reflect the transition from chaos to order by the creation and enforcement of rules or procedures guiding economic and social life. Thus, the institutional system ensures the normal course of real and nominal economy. However, only efficient institutions are growth-promoti ng (Milo, 2007, p.23). There is a vast empirical literature that studies the impact of institutions on economic performance, particularly on growth (Easterly and Levine (2003), Acemoglu et al. (2001), Fukuyama (2006)). From the reverse connection perspective, the first hypothesis stating that economic growth enhances the good functioning of institutions is associated with the name of Martin Lipset, who argued that increased income and human capital accumulation are the best ways to have effective institutions. The second hypothesis states that limited central authorities and therefore, good institutions, lead to superior economic performance. This point of view is also included in the works of Montesquieu and Adam Smith and, later, in those of the ambassadors of neo-institutionalism (Buchanan, Coase, North, and Williamson). In short, the basic idea of institutionalism is that institutions create the rules of economic game; the latter provide economic incentives and thus influence th e behavior of economic agents. Competition, productivity, innovation and private firms develop in an institutional environment that fosters efficient behaviors and penalizes inefficiency. If economic performance is unsatisfactory, ultimately, institutions will be changed. Reformulated, economic and social changes are institutional changes. One of the most important issues that influence the analyses of linkages between institutions and economic development is that there is no general consensus on the definition of institutions. Chang (2005) highlights three key functions of institution in fostering economic performance: Coordination and administration; Learning and innovation; Income redistribution and social cohesion. In some Asian economies in transition from socialism to capitalism, the rapid progress of free market institutions has reduced the transaction costs. In other situations, they have remained high as a result of insufficient knowledge of market mechanisms, of ambiguous rules and bureaucracy, weak legal system and corruption. Stable political structures, well-defined and recognized property rights and legal enforcement of contracts have reduced transaction costs, explaining the success of the world’s most powerful economies. Transaction cost theory was used in the analysis of general interest issues such as the role and governance practices, definition of market institutions or in explaining the differences between economic performances of nations. Related to the last element mentioned, the theory developed in close connection with the role of institutions in fostering economic efficiency by reducing trading costs. North concluded that capitalist and democratic institutions (free market, state, justice) are the result of efforts to minimize transaction costs (North 1991,

Columbian exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Columbian exchange - Essay Example Nevertheless, in October 1492 when Christopher Columbus together with his team docked in the Bahamas, the two long-separated worlds: Afro-Eurasia and the Americas were rejoined. Together with the various voyages that ensued, Christopher Columbus’ voyage led to a great disruption of much of the biological separation that the continental drift caused. Following Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, these two worlds’ plant, animal, as well as bacterial life started mixing. This process is known as the Columbian Exchange. It reunited formerly biologically distinct landmasses and had lasting and dramatic impacts on the world (McNeill 1). This paper describes the Columbian exchange in its four aspects namely biological, demographic, cultural and economic aspects as well as its impacts on Europe, Asia, the New World and Africa. For a long time, the prevailing pattern of biological growth on the globe has been one of geographical variation dictated by the clear fact of the separateness of continents. Rather than identical, organisms have had the tendency of becoming more dissimilar, even in the Amazon, Congo basins among others where climates have been similar. This is owing to the fact that they had little or no contact with one another. People have gone to and lived, or at least spent time the world over. They always carry with them their weeds as well as disease organisms unintentionally, and their crops and domesticated animals knowingly. Because of this, humans have overturned, in the very most recent tick of time, the ancient trend of geographical bio-diversification. The Columbian Exchange was appreciably an extensive swap of fauna, flora, transmissible diseases, customs and ideas between the Western and Eastern hemispheres. It was, in the entire human history, one of the most important events with reference to traditions, the natural environment and farming. Christopher Columbus, who was the first to take a voyage to the Americas in

Message Meanings And Definitions Vary In Abstraction

Message Meanings And Definitions Vary In Abstraction Non-verbal Communication is just as important as verbal communication. Discuss why the knowledge of non-verbal communication is important in our daily lives. The essay should be error free, double spaced, font Times New Roman, Size 12. All references in APA Format. Executive Summary The definition and difference of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication is stated. In addition to that, the importance of non-verbal communication in our daily life is discussed also and the reasons why it is just as important as Verbal Communication. What is Communication? Communication is the form of interaction, socializing, getting and giving information for the purpose of jobs, education as well as socializing. Merriam-Webster Dictionary online has a few definitions for this word, namely An act or instance of transmitting information verbal A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior There are two forms of communication, namely Verbal Communication and Non-Verbal Communication. Verbal Communication Verbal communication is the usage of sounds and language oral and written to convey a message or to give information emotions, thoughts, feelings, opinions, ideas and it is also an important tool for teaching and learning. There are two basic types or verbal communication interpersonal communication and public speaking. Professor Robert M Krauss, of Columbia University states that signs and symbols make up the major signals of a verbal communication. The functions and purpose of verbal communication to convey a message to others, it is vital in teaching and learning and also it helps in forming bonds and relationships with others. Verbal communication has six principles as listed in the next page: Definitions and meanings of messages are in people Different individuals have different and unique perspective as well as thinking therefore they will interpret a certain message differently. Message meanings and definitions are denotative and connotative For example, the word Love. Everyone has their personal definition and opinion on what it is (connotative), however, the dictionary would have its definition on the word (denotative). Message meanings and definitions vary in abstraction The word abstract is defined as something that is unreal, for example: feelings and hobbies. When a group of people is asked about what their hobbies are, many would have similar and/or different answers. Definitions and meanings of messages can be deceiving People communicate and interact with each other for various reasons and the messages that they convey have different motives and reasons, therefore it can be deceiving to achieve some good, to make oneself (usually the speaker himself of herself) look good, to protect self from danger and harm and/or to harm and insult others Message meanings and definitions vary in assertiveness In any conversation, there are bound to be some disagreements and arguments, therefore some harsh words might be said, however, respectfulness is still maintained by both parties in a conversation. Message meanings and definitions vary in politeness There are different kinds of politeness level directness, online (netiquette) and gender. When we tend to be direct and straight in a conversation, the language, rate, tone and volume of voice plays an important role in maintaining the politeness within the conversation. Netiquette is observed in emails, instant messaging rooms as well as online discussion forums. Even when a conversation is being carried on between a man and a woman, there will also be a certain level of politeness (usually on the mans side) so that no feelings will be hurt and the friendship and/or relationship will still be maintained. Nonverbal Communication This form of communication is easily understood as the process of communication through the sending, receiving and conveying of wordless cues and signs gestures, touch, body language, posture, In other words, nonverbal communication is communication without words and it actually conveys more meanings than verbal communication. In addition to this, many nonverbal communication signs- facial expressions, body language, eye contact are universal and easily detectable by everyone, no matter what culture they are from or which country they are from. Signals blushing, dropping jaw, trembling during a nonverbal communication are sometimes sent and received simultaneously and spontaneously. During an ongoing verbal communication for example, one may drop their jaw to say express an emotion of surprise or blush when embarrassed. The Functions of Nonverbal Communication There are six main functions of nonverbal communication which are listed below: They integrate, complement, accompany and support speech and verbal communication both the speakers and listeners would engage and be involved in a complex sequence of body gestures, body language and signs which are closely synchronized with verbal communication and they play an important part in it. Form self-impression towards others self presentation is usually achieved by appearance and to a lesser extent, by voice. Expressing of emotions nonverbal communication is conveyed through facial expression, touch, eye contact, body language so all of this takes us to understanding the human heart and feelings Defining relationships this form of communication helps to define a relationship between two individuals, for example, the holding of hands between two young individuals might indicate that they are involved in an intimate relationship and the nod of heads might indicate respect for the other individual due to the fact that one is an employee while the other is the employer. To enhance interpersonal communication friendships and relationships are maintained and established through nonverbal signals such as tone of voice, proximity , touch, gaze as well as facial expressions Rituals for example, shaking hands during an introduction The Channels of Nonverbal Communication There are 10 channels of nonverbal communication which are easily identified and decoded. Channels Details Body Movements Emblems body language that directly translates into words or phrases such as: okay sign V which means peace or victory Illustrators usually culture specific and it complements verbal messages so that memory will be increased Affect Displays which shows and portrays emotions and feelings Regulators which are used to keep the conversation ongoing and interesting Adaptors self, object and alter which are mainly used to benefit self during an ongoing conversation Body Physical Appearance Usually the physic of an individual do play a vital role in communication general attractiveness, race and ethnic and also usually the tall individual is favoured more compared to a shorter individual in the working world especially Facial Messages Helps in expressing emotions and feelings facial management Facial feedback produces and heightens feelings and it also influences physiological arousal Culture and facial expression Eye Messages Eye Contact Eye Avoidance which helps in maintaining privacy during a conversation Spatial Messages Edward T. Hall starts that these messages are also known as proxemics which are categorized into social, public, intimate and personal. These can also be territorial according to the public, primary or secondary Artificial Messages These are messages conveyed through objects and man-made arrangements and can be subdivided into: Space decoration the class and status of an individual can be seen through the way they decorate a space. This also shows the individuals interest and personality. Clothing and body adornment tattoos and body piercing Colour communication which usually influences perception and behaviour Touch Messages / Tactile Communication Most primitive and old fashioned method of non-verbal communication Portrays usually most positive feelings and playfulness Its task related as well as ritual related bowing, shaking of hands Controllable Paralanguage This consists of ones rate and tone of voice and it usually conveys judgements about peoples communication effectiveness Silence Messages Can act as a weapon It helps to stop or prevent unwanted communication A form of response to anxiety, shyness and threats It portrays and conveys important meanings and also serves important functions It gives one ample time to think, formulate and organize his or her conversation Time Messages / Temporal Communication / Chromemis This consists of the conversation that displays the past, present or future. Smell Messages / Olfactory Communication People are somehow attracted to a certain smell and ordour. In addition to this, smell helps in identification of a certain food, taste as well as it enhances memory. Decoding and encoding nonverbal communication Below are the ways to decode (no. 1-6) and encode (no. 7-10) nonverbal messages: Pay attention, be attentive and do not jump to conclusions Consider alternative judgements Awareness that messages comes from different and several channels Consider the possibility of any inaccuracy Interpret judgements Consider all factors Consistency must be observed Monitor the way the conversation is being conveyed Avoid any extremes and monotony Take the current situation into consideration Types of Nonverbal Communication There are 6 main types of nonverbal communication which will be discussed below. Physical Characteristic We as human beings are highly visual characters and therefore visual data is the most immediate information which we will receive about someone we have the ability to recognize someone out from a crowd, those who are tall are mostly wanted by employers and clean and neat people have a better chance of being liked and/or employed. Clothing Between two individuals (one wearing dirty and torn clothes and the other wearing new and clean clothes), the cleaner one will somehow make us more comfortable and also we are willing to be around him or her. The way of dressing up could in fact affect evaluations as well as potential promotions that might be given especially when one is applying for a job or going for a business meeting. Territoriality This is where proximity comes to play and it also displays the relationship that the speaker and listener have between each other and the four levels are as stated in the table below: Intimate Distance Usually for embracing, touching or whispering 0 inches to 18 inches Personal Distance Interactions between good friends or family members 1.5 ft to 4 ft Social Distance Interactions among acquaintances 4ft to 12 ft Public Distance Public speaking 12 ft to 25 ft Posture Unknown to us, posture can in fact be used to send messages or to read another persons intent and this nonverbal communication type includes arm position, leg position, general sitting posture and body orientation. For example, during a meeting or a discussion with a manager or someone of higher position than we are, face to face communication is preferred, for to do otherwise would be a defiance or anger act. Another example would be, when one is caught in a situation where another individual is having their arms crossed in front of them, it means that that particular individual is showing a defensive posture. Facial Expressions Little did we know, the face is the most expressive area of communication for nonverbal communication and in fact, we spend a great amount of time looking at a persons facial expression during a discussion. One very obvious facial expression eye contact. During an ongoing conversation, the speaker and the listener would look at each other in the eye hard stare indicates aggressiveness, anger and / or defensiveness. When a listener is looking down at the floor while he or she is being accused of something, it usually indicates that he or she is guilty of the crime. We tend to look away from the speaker when there is an issue of shame and embarrassment in the picture. However, we must be aware that different cultures has different perspectives and interpretations Spanish: looking down is a sign of respect. In addition to this, eye contact (especially if its prolonged) indicates disagreement and challenging the speakers authority. Gestures Gestures made by other parts of our body, for example hands can actually be as expressive as the expressions made by our face. An angry feeling can be enhanced and indicated with a fist or even a stab of the middle finger into someones chest. When one throws his or her hands and arms into the air, this indicates exasperation, hands placed on hips means confidence and the wringing of hands shows nervousness. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication Based on the statement made by most social psychologists, nonverbal communication actually makes up 66% (two-thirds) of all communication between two or more people. A message can too be conveyed verbally and with the proper body language and body signals which is inclusive of both fixed and unfixed physical features, the gestures and signals which are sent unconsciously or consciously and also the proximity of the conversation. A first impression can be enhanced and strengthen through nonverbal communication, especially in situations or attracting a partner or in an interview. This is where the saying you have less than 10 seconds and realistically close to 4 seconds to make a good impression on those with whom you come in contact comes to play. First encounters and meetings will usually affect an individuals lifestyle for people are more likely to believe that the first things they learn and know are the truth. Usually, all our 5 senses are used in a nonverbal communication Sight (83%), Taste (1%), Hearing (11%), Smell (3%) and Touch (2%). Nonverbal communication is one of communications key aspects and it is extremely and specifically important and vital in a high-context culture. This form of communication is used to repeat a verbal message (for example pointing at a certain direction while stating the certain direction) and also it is able to replace and substitute verbal messages (for example nodding indicates a yes and a finger to lips indicates a keep quiet gesture. Action speaks louder than words a perfect proverb to describe or to state why nonverbal communication is as important, or at times, more important than verbal communication. A person can say anything through his or her mouth but it is useless and worthless if whatever is said is not done or acted upon. Conclusion Communication and interaction is vital for all living things. Even though verbal communication is the easiest to use and interpret, we should be aware that nonverbal communication does have its important role to play too and we should try to understand this form of communication as it is interpreted differently by people from different cultural background and also for those who have different beliefs. Referencing Remland, M.S. (2009). Nonverbal communication in everyday life. USA: Pearson Education Inc DeVito, J.A. (2011). Interpersonal messages communication and relationship skills. USA: Pearson Education Inc Importance of Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved on 20th October 2012 from http://www.cod.edu/Course/Mgt100/mgtcomm.htm#NC-Importance Proxemics. Retrieved on 20th October 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemics Non-verbal Communication. Retrieved on 15th October 2012 from http://www2.andrews.edu/~tidwell/bsad560/NonVerbal.html Verbal Communication. Retrieved 10th October 2012 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/150573-what-is-verbal-communication/ Communication. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary online. Retrieved 9th October 2012 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/communication Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved 15th October 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gun Buyback Programs Essay -- Gun Contr

Gun buyback programs have become a commonplace law enforcement practice since their creation in the 1970s. These buyback programs are a method of proactive policing against gun crime and are used as a means by law enforcement in an effort to curb gun violence. Generally, police offer incentives to community members in exchange for firearms. These incentives are most commonly money or gift certificates, but may also be merchandise. The programs rose to popularity in the 1990s due to widespread public support. However, as far as weapons policies go, gun buyback programs have been criticized as an ineffective means of curbing or preventing firearm violence. Thus, one must ask does the purchase of firearms from private citizens by law enforcement impact the rate of gun crime, or would other means be more effective in combating this type of crime? According to the Journal of Economics there are more firearms in the United States than people. Furthermore, the majority of homicides are committed with a firearm (Levitt, 2004). This may indicate that the availability of firearms contributes to gun violence. Individuals acquire guns in a variety of ways, from inheritance, purchasing, or theft. Regardless of the means of attainment, the possession of firearms is widespread in the United States. Those who possess guns do so for many reasons such as for sport, protection, or illegal activities (Bilchik, 1999). Gun buyback programs receive weapons from all types of individuals, regardless of how they originally acquired their firearms or why. The first gun buyback program was employed in Baltimore in 1977 to curb violence perpetrated by the use of firearms (Carter, 2002). Over the course of three-months, over 13,000 firearms we... ...Retrieved from Senate website: Cook, P. J., & Ludwig, J. (2000). Gun violence: the real costs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Levitt, S. D. (2004). Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163-190. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/pss/3216880 Orlean, S. (2012). Saturday night. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Walker, S. (2008). Sense and nonsense about crime, drugs, and communities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Wellford, C. F., Pepper, J. V., & Petrie, C. V. (2005). Firearms and violence. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.

Emotional Labour

RESEARCH PROPOSAL – EXAMPLE 1 Project Title Emotional Labour and Gender in the Hospitality Industry Research Context The idea that there is an ‘emotional’ aspect to work seems to have only gained academic credence in recent years. Hochschild (1983) originally introduced the concept of emotional labour in her study of flight attendants and bill collectors. Since then various researchers have subsequently expanded the topic to various different types of workers including teachers (Blackmore 1996), nurses (James 1992; O'Brien 1994), lawyers (Pierce 1996), police (Stenross ; Kelinman 1989) and caterers (Phornprapha ; Guerrier 1997).Emotional labour could be seen as the management or display of appropriate emotions while working, requiring ‘one to induce or suppress feeling in order to sustain the outward countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others. ’ (Hochschild 1983:7). A medium sized chain of English pubs has agreed to participate in th e study and will be referred to as the ‘Coaching Inn Company’ The company has grown rapidly, and developed a portfolio of approximately 170 individual units widely spread around England.Most of these outlets offer accommodation and food, often with a relatively low reliance on wet (alcohol) sales, reflecting the apparent trends of the pub-going market towards other revenue generators such as food and accommodation (Williams 1996). The company has a relatively ‘soft’ type of branding, with a number of individual outlets of differing character, each supporting a wide customer base. In the past it had been the policy of head office to give unit managers quite a free hand in the running of their property.However, there has been an increasing level of standardisation in some areas (with more standardised wine lists, menus, and accommodation offers, such as weekend breaks), and a central reservations system was increasingly used for accommodation. This approach t o branding, with the unit distinctiveness being valued by head office and seen as a marketing opportunity, provided an early hint about the organisation’s likely approach to emotional labour. Research AimThe project aims to explore the nature of emotional labour in service interaction in United Kingdom public houses, and explore the extent to which it is affected by the gender of individual staff members. Key research objectives 1. To identify the impacts caused by emotional labour among employees involved in pub service. 2. To discover and evaluate coping strategies utilised by service staff engaged in the performance of emotional labour in relation to those suggested by employers, trainers and in the literature. . To recommend measures that could be adopted by organisations and individuals to improve employees’ experience of emotional labour to the benefit of employers, employees and customers. Overview of the Literature Literature There are various different types o f emotional labour including ‘personalizing an impersonal relation’ (Hochschild 1983:109), refraining from reacting to abusive behaviour, and maintaining a perpetual, sincere smile’ (Macdonald ; Sirianni 1996:9).Hochschild (1983) introduced the term ‘feeling rules’ to explain emotional norms, although if Scherer’s (1996) definition of emotion, including not only feeling but also neurophysiological responses and motor expression, is to be adopted, the implied dominance of ‘feeling’ should be treated cautiously. Ashforth and Humphrey (1993:89) approach this issue by suggesting that ‘display rules’ is a more appropriate term, as emotional labour appears to be primarily concerned with ‘publicly expressed’ emotions.Both of these concepts appear to have value, although neither, taken individually, satisfactorily includes all the elements of emotion and emotional labour, and a combination of both seems more appr opriate. Display rules may seem more useful in the study of the subject, especially from a behaviourist point of view, but to fully understand their nature and impacts, actual feelings, cognition and physiological state should probably be examined as well. Various possible negative impacts of emotional labour on staff have been suggested including job stress (Adelmann 1995) employee burnout (Ledgerwood et al. 997), emotional exhaustion (Wharton 1993), and feeling ‘phony’ when portraying false emotion to customers (Hochschild 1983). It should be pointed out, however, that positive effects of emotional labour have also been suggested with staff often enduring some less pleasant aspects of service work for ‘the chance to interact with other people’ (Riley et al 1998) and gaining satisfaction from such work. Weatherly ; Tanisk (1993) examined various methods used by customer-contact workers to deal with role stress that seem relevant to emotional labour.These i nclude: 1. Actual avoidance of contact, perhaps by avoiding eye contact so as not to have to take an order or deal with a complaint. 2. Reacting to and/or educating the client – Hochschild (1983:127) recounts an incident when a flight attendant was asked by a customer why she wasn’t smiling; she tried to pass the role onto him, asking him to smile and telling him to ‘freeze, and hold that for fifteen hours. ’ 3. Engaging customers (e. g. asking them for help) in the service provision to distract them from making demands. . Mindlessness, relying on scripts and pre-programmed behaviour for fulfilling a role. 5. Over-acting, ascribing their actions to a role rather than themselves as individuals. Public Houses There has been relatively little academic research in the public house sector in recent years. This is of some concern given the considerable size of this part of the hospitality industry – it has been suggested that pubs represent the third most popular type of eating out establishment in the UK (Mintel Publications 1991).The public house environment seems likely to require a considerable amount of emotional labour when dealing with customers due to the consumption of alcohol that takes place. This is likely to lead to a level of ‘disinhibition’ (Smith 1985a:32) of customer behaviour that could cause problems for staff. The presence and relatively easy access to alcohol could also result in staff developing drinking problems which may affect their work performance generally and emotionally.Pub landlords seem especially susceptible to the demands of emotional labour as, it can be argued that ‘the publicans’ sociability and relational network is focused around the ‘regulars’ who form the dominant group of users’ (Smith 1985a). This suggests that the publican’s social life is dominated by work contacts, especially since most individuals live on the premises. This was partic ularly well demonstrated by Smith (1885b:295) when describing the publican of a ‘rough working-class pub’ who ‘was behind the bar less often than in front of it’ with his regular customers.Relatively little seems to have been written about other service employees in pubs, although these people are in the front-line of the service encounter, and as such, are likely to be able to offer valuable insights into emotional labour. Gender Gender issues have been addressed in much of the literature dealing with both emotional labour (e. g. Hochschild 1983; Pierce 1996) and pubs/alcohol (e. g. Hey 1986; Hunt ; Satterlee 1987; Gough ; Edwards 1998).Some (if rather dated) literature deals with gender differences in the pub trade. Hey (1986:43), for instance, suggested that the female bar staff member is expected to be a ‘sexually provocative, friendly, sympathetic, and ‘mature’, experienced woman’, while male bar staff ‘wear dark suits, bow ties, shake cocktail mixers and are monstrously efficient. ’ More recently, Folgero ; Fjeldstadt (1995) suggested that women employed in the service industry are likely to be subjected to sexual harassment by both colleagues and customers.Hey (1986:44) considered that women bar staff were expected to be ‘socially available’ and engage in ‘Pseudo-flirtation’ when a customer purchases a drink for them, although suggesting such expectations are limited to female staff appears to disagree with the researchers personal experience when working as a male bar person. Research Design This will be an empirical research. It is proposed to conduct a small number of case studies in a selection of public houses, preferably owned and operated by a single chain.A single case study may produce distorted results, as each pub is likely to have unique characteristics and pubs often have relatively small workforces from which to generate data. A detailed study of a l arge number of outlets also seems impractical given time and resource limitations. It is suggested that two pubs could be investigated over a two month period, depending on the type of access granted, allowing the researcher sufficient time to develop a reasonable familiarity with each, and generate sufficient and trustworthy data.It should be stressed, however, that this study aims to explore a relatively new area in considerable depth and will not seek to generalise any findings to the public house industry as the case study approach will be adopted in order to understand the phenomena to be studied rather than their ‘incidence’ (Yin 1989:55). Ethnographic techniques will be utilised with the researcher employing participant observation of the individual pubs to be studied.Fetterman (1998:1) described ethnography as ‘the art and science of describing a group or culture,’ relying largely on participant observation (observation by a field-worker who takes p art in the daily life of the society being studied) for data gathering, although numerous additional data collection techniques are available to the ethnographer for triangulation purposes. This is based on the idea that, by striving to find the locals’ point of view (Narayan 1993) the field-worker will be suitably equipped to understand why individuals within a social group do what they do, not simply recount observed phenomena.The participant observation will be conducted by working as a front-line bar person in each of the sampled pubs. Although this requires the co-operation of individual unit managers from the chain of public houses, major problems of access are not anticipated given the demand for experienced bar staff. This will enable the researcher to develop an in-depth understanding (Sandiford ; Ap 1998) of the outlets, their staff and the processes involved in the emotional labour conducted in the work environment.The participant observation will not be exclusivel y conducted in the work setting, as the social activities of staff are likely to provide a more holistic representation of the emotional demands and effects of pub work. Both informal and formal semi-structured interviews will be conducted with customers, service staff, line management and head office management to gain an insight into the views and experiences of different levels of employees throughout the company.Such interviews will also help audit the project’s findings at each stage of the analysis. Given the large number and different types of pubs in the United Kingdom, it is necessary to develop a view of the types of pub to be sampled. Primary consideration will be given to the size of pub, as, given the project’s objectives, it would be inappropriate to spend a long period of observation in a pub operated solely by a management couple with no, or very few, customer service staff.Giving an arbitrary minimum number of service staff at this stage also seems pre mature, although it is clear that the pubs to be studied should have a sufficient number of service staff, both full and part-time, to enable the researcher to address the research questions effectively. It would be desirable to target a mixture of geographical and demographic pub locations for the study, hopefully including one rural, and one urban setting which would provide different perspectives for the research and result in a variety of service phenomena for analysis.A flexible time plan has been developed, with the two months to review the literature more fully, conduct the pilot study and seek formal access to a pub company for the main study. The next 2 months will be used to collect the data, with on-going analysis, followed by 2 months for completing the analysis and the final report. Ethics Participant observation presents researchers with various ethical dilemmas, as to inform research subjects that they are being investigated can result in them behaving abnormally.Howe ver, it is felt that participating in the pubs to be studied for relatively long periods will help the researcher to integrate well into the work team even when known to be a researcher, and allow other members of staff to accept the researcher, thus minimising abnormal behaviour. Customers seem to present more of an ethical question, as it is not practical to explain to each one that they are being observed (Franklin 1985:9). In this project, however, staff and their reactions to the emotional demands of the job are the main foci of attention so it is felt that this is a relatively minor problem.Treatment of the Data The data will take various forms – the researcher will keep a daily personal journal containing field notes, personal observations and reflections on situations that arise; formal (and some informal) interviews will be recorded on audio tape whenever possible, and transcribed to avoid mistakes and mis-interpretations copies of these will be issued to interviewee s, when possible, for member checking, following a similar audit trail to that used by Sandiford (1997) especially related to the interpretation of data; relevant company documentation (e. g. raining manuals, policy statements, etc. ) will be examined, if permitted, to provide additional information related to emotional labour within the company. The data will undergo ethnographic analysis in order to develop a full picture of emotional labour. The researcher will follow the framework utilised in his MPhil research (Sandiford 1997) and outlined by Spradley (1980). Such a systematic approach to the analysis, through three major stages, will result in the reconstruction of audited cultural themes related to the phenomenon of emotional labour which will provide the basis for the resultant thesis.Planning See Gantt chart in Appendix A for a breakdown of the activities and the time required to complete them. Resources Required * Main researcher for 6 months, bar experience essential * Ty pist for 5 days to transcribe interviews * Access to academic library databases and Inter Library Loan * Digital voice recorder to record interviews (? 80) * Laptop to record daily logs while away from home (? 400) * Transport costs to and from Pubs, if pub not local (up to ? 200) * Accommodation if pub not local (? 1600) * Binding (? 100) Risk AnalysisRisk| Impact (I)| Prob (P)| I x P| Contingency| 4 week observation can’t be completed| 3| 1| 3| Organise stand-by pub, optionally delay completion of research| Data lost| 3| 1| 3| Ensure regular backups to secure source| Companies/Pubs won’t participate| 3| 2| 6| Establish possibilities early. Take advantage of 1:1 networking opportunities. Solicit help from members of ULMS| Technology fails| 2| 1| 2| Ensure backup solutions are available| Lack of co-operation with bar staff| 3| 1| 3| Ensure they understand the non-threatening nature of the study – not management driven.Provide support and understanding of their s ituation. | Quality Criteria Interview questions to be approved by supervisor and Head office contact before being used. Minimum of 6 weeks spent observing bar interactions Minimum of 6 interviews with customers Minimum of 8 bar staff interviews (at least 2 part-time and 2 full-time, and at least 3 males and 3 females) Minimum of 2 Bar manager interviews At least 1 interview with head office staff All interview transcripts to be approved by interviewee before being analysed All references to company to be made anonymous before publishing.Dissertation to be written using plain English, 12pt Roman, double spaced, Harvard Referencing, bound in maroon cloth covered boards with gold lettering. Monthly progress updates to supervisor and Head office contact. References Adelmann, P. K. (1995) ‘Emotional Labor as a Potential Source of Job Stress’, in, S. L. Sauter, L. R. Murphy (Eds. ) Organizational risk factors for job stress, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association , 371-381. Ashforth, B. E. ; Humphrey, R. H. (1993) ‘Emotional Labour in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity’, Academy of Management Review, 18, 1, 88-115. Blackmore, J. 1996) ‘Doing ‘Emotional Labour’ in the Education Market Place: Stories from the Field of Women in Management’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 17, 3, 337-349. Fetterman, D. (1998) Ethnography Step bySstep (2nd Ed. ) London: Sage. Folgero, Ingebjorg S. ; Fjeldstadt, Ingrid H. (1995) ‘On Duty – Off Guard: Cultural Norms and Sexual Harassment in Service Organizations’, Organization Studies, 16, 2, 299-313Franklin 1985:9). Gough, B. ; Edwards, G. (1998) ‘The Beer Talking: Four Lads, a Carry Out and the Reproduction of Masculinities,’ The Sociological Review, 46, 409-435.Hammersley, M. ; Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice, London: Routledge. Hey, V. (1986) Patriarchy and Pub Culture, London: Tavisto ck. Hochschild, A. R. , (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press, London. Hunt, Geoffrey ; Satterlee, Saundra (1987) Darts, Drink and the Pub: The Culture of Female Drinking,’ Sociological Review, 35, 3, Aug, 575-601 James, N. (1992) ‘Care = Organisation + Physical Labour + Emotional Labour’ Sociology of Health and Illness, 14: 4, Dec, 488-509. Ledgerwood, C. E. , Crotts, J. C. amp; Everett, A. M. (1998) ‘Antecedents of Employee Burnout in the Hotel Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4, 31-44. Macdonald, C. L. ; Sirianni, C. (Eds. ) (1996) Working in the Service Society, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Mintel Publications (1991) ‘Eating out,’ Leisure-Intelligence, 1, 1-28. Narayan, K. (1993), ‘How Native Is A Native Anthropologist? ’ American Anthropologist. Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 671-686 O'Brien, M. (1994) ‘The Managed Heart Revisited: Heal th and Social Control’, Sociological-Review, 42: 3, Aug, 393-413 Phornprapha, S. & Guerrier, Y. 1997) ‘Restaurant Staff and their Supervisors: The Management of Emotions’, paper presented at The Fourth Recent Advances in Retailing and Services Science Conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, 30 June-3 July. Pierce, J. (1996) ‘Rambo Litigators: Emotional Labour in a Male-Dominated Occupation’, in C. Cheng, (Ed. ) Masculinities in Organizations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 1-28 Riley, M. , Lockwood. , A. , Powel-Perry, J. , & Baker, M. (1988) ‘Job Satisfaction, Organisation Commitment and Occupational Culture: A Case from the UK Pub Industry’, Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4. 59-168 Sandiford, P. J. & Ap, J. (1998) ‘The Role of Ethnographic Techniques in Tourism Planning. ’ Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 37, No. 1, August 1998, 3-11 Sandiford, P. J. (1997), Social and Cultural Impacts of Imported Labour at the New Chek Lap Kok Airport Development, Hong Kong, Unpublished M. Phil Thesis, The Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Scherer, K. R. (1996) ‘Emotion’, in M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe & G. M. Stephenson (Eds) Introduction to Social Psychology, 2nd. Ed. , Oxford: Blackwell Smith, M.A. (1985a) ‘The Publican: Role Conflict and Aspects of Social Control,’ Service Industries Journal, 5: 1 March, 23-36. Smith, M. A. (1985b) ‘A Participant Observer Study of a ‘Rough' Working-Class Pub,’ Leisure Studies, 4, 3, Sept, 293-306 Spradley, J. P. (1980) Participant Observation, Orlando: Rinehart and Winston Stenross, B. & Kleinman, S. (1989) ‘The Highs and Lows of Emotional Labor: Detectives’ Encounters with Criminals and Victims’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 17, 4, January, 435-452 Weatherly, Kristopher A. & Tansik, David A. 1993) ‘Tactics Used by Customer-Contact Workers: Effects of Role Stress, Boundary Spanning and Control’, International Journal of Service Industry Management, 4, 3, 4-17 Wharton, A. S. (1993) ‘The Affective Consequences of Service Work: Managing Emotions on the Job,’ Work and Occupations, 20, 2, May, 205-232 Williams, C. E. (1996) ‘The British Pub: An Industry in Transition,’ Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 37, 6, 62-73. Yin, R. K. (1989) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, London: Sage. Appendix A – Project Plan

Free Essays on The Next Big Thing

In the article â€Å"The Next Big Thing?† the future of business computing is addressed. Computers have changed the face of business forever. Nowadays, every company has a website that is better than its competitor’s with mire features than ever before. The problem brought about by all this web competition, is that every company has information or a way of transporting it. Each company charges for their services, but not every service offers the same services thus there is a lapse in options when tow companies wish to network or pursue internet business. In this article, the possible solution to this information and trade problem on the Internet is presented in the form of â€Å"utility computing.† Basically, the Internet will become standardized in the business market allowing for easier trade and information sharing. Soon, getting information on the net well be easier than picking up a phone, and businesses wont have to worry about connection costs and b enefits between different carriers. Companies well pay for computer services like they would pay for phone services or water services. This article addresses one of the largest and fastest growing arenas of business; Internet e-commerce. In chapter 7 of the textbook, e-commerce is discussed. In the chapter the benefits and drawbacks to e-commerce are discussed. One of those drawbacks discussed, is the issue of Internet fraud. One of the benefits to a standardized e-commerce system would be the elimination of false companies because the Internet would have standardized security measures. Also discussed in chapter 7 is the issue of Internet financial security. With the web as diversified as it is now there is know way of knowing whom to trust with money. Just like the elimination of Internet fraud, Internet finances would be more secure with fewer companies handling corporate or customer monies. As far as standardization of e-commerce is concerned there are both benefi... Free Essays on The Next Big Thing Free Essays on The Next Big Thing In the article â€Å"The Next Big Thing?† the future of business computing is addressed. Computers have changed the face of business forever. Nowadays, every company has a website that is better than its competitor’s with mire features than ever before. The problem brought about by all this web competition, is that every company has information or a way of transporting it. Each company charges for their services, but not every service offers the same services thus there is a lapse in options when tow companies wish to network or pursue internet business. In this article, the possible solution to this information and trade problem on the Internet is presented in the form of â€Å"utility computing.† Basically, the Internet will become standardized in the business market allowing for easier trade and information sharing. Soon, getting information on the net well be easier than picking up a phone, and businesses wont have to worry about connection costs and b enefits between different carriers. Companies well pay for computer services like they would pay for phone services or water services. This article addresses one of the largest and fastest growing arenas of business; Internet e-commerce. In chapter 7 of the textbook, e-commerce is discussed. In the chapter the benefits and drawbacks to e-commerce are discussed. One of those drawbacks discussed, is the issue of Internet fraud. One of the benefits to a standardized e-commerce system would be the elimination of false companies because the Internet would have standardized security measures. Also discussed in chapter 7 is the issue of Internet financial security. With the web as diversified as it is now there is know way of knowing whom to trust with money. Just like the elimination of Internet fraud, Internet finances would be more secure with fewer companies handling corporate or customer monies. As far as standardization of e-commerce is concerned there are both benefi...

Free Essays on Understanding Abusive Parents

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Defend your view of the ethical obligations of advertisers to Essay

Defend your view of the ethical obligations of advertisers to consumers - Essay Example The above advertisement includes the facts supporting the above argument. Because of these facts, it is suggested that bottled water should not be advertised as better than the tap water, since there is no such case, as proved through the figures provided through the above advertisement. In the particular advertisement reference is made to all aspects of bottled water aiming to show that bottled water is worse than tap water; explanations are given by referring to each particular phrase used for advertising bottled water. In general, in terms of quality, bottled water cannot be characterized as better for human health compared to the tap water. The phrase that bottled water ‘is better for you’ as used by advertisers for promoting the specific product is not valid; this view can be based on the following facts, as presented through the particular advertisement: In accordance with the case study, bottled water is checked as of its quality just once a week – under th e existing legislation, as monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency – while the tap water is checked about 100 times a month. Moreover, it is noted that the country’s municipal water systems – estimated to about 55,000 – have to pass a thorough quality test every 3 months. Through this procedure, it is ensured that the quality standards of the tap water are higher compared to the bottled water. This view has been proved in practice in the case of the Fiji bottled water. More specifically, in an advertisement of Fiji water (as included in the case study) consumers are asked to prefer Fiji just because ‘it is not bottled in Cleveland’ (part 2 of the case study). In the research made as of the quality for Fiji water, the above bottled water was found to include arsenic (6.3 micrograms/ liter) while in the tap water of Cleveland no such ingredient was identified. In accordance with the above, tap water can be characterized as better for c onsumers, compared to the bottled water. The advertisements based on the argument that bottled water is better for consumers compared to tap water should be rejected as invalid. Another common argument used by advertisers promoting the bottled water is that the water of this type ‘smells better’; however, no such case exists, a fact, which is proved through the findings of the research provided in the advertisement. From this point of view also, the advertisement of bottled water is unethical. In the case study reference is made to a blind taste conducted in 2001 in Good Morning America regarding the taste of water; the tap water of New York gathered a percentage of 45% of the votes of the participants – compared to well known bottled water brands, such as Evian (12%) and Poland Springs (24%) (part 2 of case study). Reference is also made to another study – conducted in Yorkshire among 2800 people – where the 60% of the participants were not able to distinguish between the tap water and the bottled water brands used in the research (part 2 of the case study). The experiment conducted during an episode of the television series Penn & Teller: Bullshit, has also proved that bottled water does not have better taste than tap water. In the above experiment, tap water was served as bottled water to the customers of a restaurant; customers, thinking that it is bottled water, highlighted its exceptional taste and freshness of the bottled water, while, in fact the water

UPS case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UPS case study - Essay Example With the objective of providing complete supply chain solutions to its customer, the company established the UPS Logistics Group in 1995. Today, the company manages the flow of goods, funds and information in more than 200 countries and territories every day. UPS provides specialized transportation, logistics, capital, and e-commerce services to its valued customers. It also enables its clients with warehousing, freight forwarding and returns management (Research and Markets 2011). UPS owns a large fleet of trucks, trailers, vans et al to ensure smooth functioning of day to day business. The company has imbibed the latest technology from time to time so as to provide superior services to its clients. UPS offers both ‘LTL’ and ‘TL’ services to cater to needs of all its clients ((PR Newswire 2006). From time to time, the Atlanta based company ventured in oversees markets and made a mark there as well. 2) The U.S. Postal Service, headed by a Postmaster General and a Board of Governors, is a branch of the federal government. The USPS is, by statute, under obligation to provide mail services to all Americans. This mandate has to be followed by the USPS irrespective of where the customers live. USPS has to serve these customers/territories even if a cost-benefit analysis suggests that they do not make commercial sense (Harreld, Heather 2000). This obligation obviously leads to high costs, reduced efficiency and thus puts a strain on the financials of the company. Since USPS, a government agency is bound to operate even in non lucrative areas; UPS is relieved of this obligation, legal as well as moral, to do business in such areas. As such, UPS can concentrate on areas, services and customers that it deems would give the company decent profits. 3) An intermodal approach entails the placing of parcels, packages or letters that UPS is required to deliver in an intermodal container  or vehicle. This intermodal